ABSTRACT
A fixed bed pyrolysis system has been designed and constructed for obtaining liquid fuel from palm kernel shell. The major components of the system are: fixed bed reactor and condensate unit. The palm kernel shell in particle form was pyrolized in an externally heated 90mm diameter and 360mm high fixed bed reactor. The reactor is heated by means of a rectangular shape manual forge blower with charcoal as the energy source. The products are char, oil and gas. The parameters varied are feed particle size, reactor bed temperature and running time. The reactor bed temperature was found to influence the product yields. The maximum liquid yield was 38.67wt % at 4500C for a feed particle size of 1.18mm with a running time of 95minutes. The maximum char yield was 70.67wt% at 5500C for a feed particle size of 5mm with a running time of 120minutes. The calorific value of the palm kernel shells (22.81 MJkg-1 ) and bio-oil (43.19MJkg-1 ) were determined. The reactor efficiency was evaluated at various temperatures. Maximum efficiency of 73.21% indicated that the reactor is efficient enough to produce bio-oil. The bio-oil products were analysed by Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The FTIR analysis showed that the bio-oil was dominated by phenol and its derivatives. The phenol, 2-methoxy-phenol and 2, 6- dimethoxyl phenol that were identified by GCMS analysis are highly suitable for extraction from bio-oil as value-added chemicals. The highly oxygenated oils need to be upgraded in order to be used in other applications such as transportation fuels.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the the importance of critical thinking and creative thinking in educationa...
Abstract
This research work is aimed at highlighting the role played by Cost accounting information to the planning, co...
ABSTRACT
This study was on assessment of teachers‟ implementation of Social studies curriculum for effective citizenship among primary sc...
ABSTRACT
This research work examined flood generating structures on Kubwa urban landscape Bwari Area Council. It is...
ABSTRACT
The fundamental target of both Islamic law of war and international Humanitarian law is to protect the Rights...
ABSTRACT
One can hardly find a country without monetary policy. As a matter of fact, monetary policy has gained a solid ground in the Nig...
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Port and maritime activities throughout the world, together with its accompanying f...
Abstract
This study is on HIV/AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and belief. The total population for the study is 200 stu...
Background to the Study
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) are deemed to be integral to the growth and developme...
ABSTRACT
This research was done using multiple methods case study to determine if environmental sanitation conditions affect malaria infe...